Estimated gender pay differences
Posted: Thu Feb 06, 2025 10:34 am
The comparison is shown as female-to-male ratios, so if the pay of men and women were equal, these ratios would be one, and anything below one indicates a male premium.
The raw estimates show that in 1971 married women earned about 0.5 of the male wage and, by 2015, this percentage increased for women as a whole to 0.82.
Taking account of differences in human japan rcs data capital between men and women always reduces the gap, bringing the rations closer to one. The magnitude of this adjustment is mostly due to work experience. It remained relatively steady over time. However, even the adjusted estimates have never reached the level of equality.
Figure in previous studies (click image to enlarge)
Data sources: GHS – General Household Survey; WES – Women and Employment Survey; BHPS – British Household Panel Survey; LFS – Labour Force Survey
Previous studies mostly use cross sectional data, showing snapshots of the population over time. However, in order to investigate how the differences in pay develop over the course of peoples’ lives, we analyse the data obtained from the cohort born in 1958.
Figure below shows the estimated pay ratios in this cohort, at ages when they were interviewed (23, 33, 42, 50 and 55). The black line, reflecting the ratio of raw estimates, is U-shaped – growing initially until the peak at age 42, but closing in later in life.
To better understand the factors behind these differences, we accounted for gender difference in education and work experience, as well as family formation.
The differences from all our models are similar at age 23, implying that differences in education, experience and family situation, albeit small at this age, make little difference.
The raw estimates show that in 1971 married women earned about 0.5 of the male wage and, by 2015, this percentage increased for women as a whole to 0.82.
Taking account of differences in human japan rcs data capital between men and women always reduces the gap, bringing the rations closer to one. The magnitude of this adjustment is mostly due to work experience. It remained relatively steady over time. However, even the adjusted estimates have never reached the level of equality.
Figure in previous studies (click image to enlarge)
Data sources: GHS – General Household Survey; WES – Women and Employment Survey; BHPS – British Household Panel Survey; LFS – Labour Force Survey
Previous studies mostly use cross sectional data, showing snapshots of the population over time. However, in order to investigate how the differences in pay develop over the course of peoples’ lives, we analyse the data obtained from the cohort born in 1958.
Figure below shows the estimated pay ratios in this cohort, at ages when they were interviewed (23, 33, 42, 50 and 55). The black line, reflecting the ratio of raw estimates, is U-shaped – growing initially until the peak at age 42, but closing in later in life.
To better understand the factors behind these differences, we accounted for gender difference in education and work experience, as well as family formation.
The differences from all our models are similar at age 23, implying that differences in education, experience and family situation, albeit small at this age, make little difference.